The news that the Australian cardinal had penned an anonymous memorandum condemning the direction currently taken by the papacy appeared like a declaration of war against those he sees as enemies of the true Church.

Yet synodality (literally traveling the road together) is simply another word for perhaps the oldest tradition in the Church, that of coming together to discern the voice of the Holy Spirit.

Given that Pell had a particular interest in the early Church (his doctoral thesis was on Cyprian of Carthage, a third-century Church Father), it is perhaps surprising that he did not reflect more on what Cyprian had to say about diversity within unity as like there being "many rays of the sun, but one light; and many branches of a tree, but one strength based in its tenacious root".

Decisions made by the community as a whole

The mechanism for resolving differences from the earliest days of the Church was that of the council, as attested by the account in Acts 6:1-6 about how the Twelve "called a full meeting of the disciples", so that they might select those who could help distribute food to widows without incurring friction between Jews and Hellenists.

While Acts names men appointed to this role, Paul makes clear in Romans 16:1 that they also appointed women, in particular Phoebe, a deaconess at Cenchrae. The emphasis in both Acts and in the Pauline Epistles is that decisions are made, not by bishops, but by the community as a whole.

Cyprian promoted the election to the papacy of Cornelius "by the testimony of almost all the clergy, by the suffrage of the people who were then present, and by the assembly of ancient priests and good men".

In emphasizing that the Bishop of Rome had the support of most of its Christian community, Cyprian rejected the claims of a rival pope, Novatian, who argued in favor of complete exclusion from communion of those who had lapsed from their faith during a period of particularly savage persecution.

Cyprian favored mercy and compassion for the sake of preserving unity within the Church.

These historical examples have great relevance to the contemporary Church — the need for appointing women as deacons, and of allowing divorced people and those who identify as LGBTQI+ to receive communion.

The Church's bishops need to be aware that such policies are essential if the Church is to be perceived as listening to its oldest traditions. Yet in those early centuries, such traditions of consultation were inevitably shaped by the masculine paradigms of power within the Roman world.

Regenerating traditions of consultation

Between the fourth and sixteenth centuries, Church councils provided an authoritative structure through which doctrine and discipline were established.

Prior to each council, it was common for a range of different interest groups to communicate their vision of what the council should establish. Articulate women, like Hildegard of Bingen, could use prophecy as a way of communicating their vision.

The problem with such councils, however, is that they became hostage to episcopal privilege and national ambition. The First Vatican Council promoted papal supremacy. Only with the Second Vatican Council was there a concerted effort to return to this conciliar way of thinking as involving the whole People of God. Only 23 women attended Vatican II, however, and then only as auditors.

Words get tired and need to be reinvented to recapture their original meaning. Synodality is simply the most recent way of regenerating traditions of consultation that go back to the earliest days of the Church.

Here in Australia we can learn from how a multitude of First Peoples, each with their own language and song lines, their orally transmitted sacred traditions, have learned to live together in the same way as the branches of a tree, to use Cyprian's metaphor.

A major challenge

The precedent for acknowledging diversity within Catholic tradition must go back to the New Testament itself, in which (by the mid second century, and then not universally adopted) did a consensus begin to emerge of combining four versions of the Gospel and a range of letters from different apostles.

Even then, the official record gives only the vaguest hints as to what female followers of Jesus had to say. Paul may have been shaped by the cultural assumptions of his day, but he did recognize that the message of the Gospel was for all people, whatever their status in society.

One major challenge for those who call themselves Christians is to recognize the reality of the violence of sexual abuse and its lingering effects on those disillusioned by clerical failure to acknowledge these wrongs.

In the medieval period, it was thought that celibacy was a legitimate way of overcoming failures of chastity within a clerical elite. Such ideas operated within an understanding of sexual identity that privileged repression of the flesh.

True synodality must involve recognition of those who have been abused by those in positions of power.

Whatever word we use for synodality, we must learn to travel together on the road.

• Constant J. Mews is professor emeritus at Monash University (Melbourne, Australia), attached to the School of Philosophical, Historical and International Studies.
• Republished with permisssion from La Croix International

Those of you already familiar with the writing and teaching of Tom O'Loughlin, Professor Emeritus of Historical Theology at the University of Nottingham, will welcome his new book.

Tom and I share a friendship over many years and both our professional lives have been spent teaching, although in vastly differing fields.

I have come to this book as a layman whose familiarity with theological background is nowhere near that of Tom's. Nonetheless, I have found it to be a fascinating read.

The title answers the question about the Early Church.

There wasn't a singular source from which all teaching grew in a linear fashion but a multitude of communities or Churches that carried the Christian memory forward. The first two centuries were formative and would not have been recognizable to us today.

O'Loughlin quotes Johann Metz "Christianity in not really a Community that interprets and gives arguments but rather a Community that remembers and tells stories". (p48)

We have such a memory in the text known as the Didache which is the oldest text we have that describes the practice and pattern of early Christian life. O'Loughlin, who produced his own translation of this short book a while ago, makes frequent reference to it in this text

These Church groups varied in size, some being as small as house communities.

It was to these varied groupings that the early scriptures, what we now call the New Testament, were read and from which they derived their teaching.

Even these scriptures, attributed to one writer, have varied authorship, for when Paul was speaking, others were listening often who were in awe of Paul transcribed his words and so produced a text in the style of Paul.

We also discover that Discipleship is about learning and discovering within a Community.

"Discipleship is very much a matter that can be located within one's calendar. This is service to one another: feeding, clothing, healing and helping. Moreover, it is not just to the known few, or the circle of other disciples, it reaches out like the divine love to all humanity". (p99)

We must recognize the difference between those times, heavily influenced by the Graeco-Roman structure and tradition and our own time.

"Christianity must have appeared a poor rival for the affections of a religiously minded gentile in that world". (p97)

Gathering around a common table, not an altar, was a key aspect of those early Christian churches for "…one of the key scenes within the memory of Christians is the supper of Jesus with the disciples that took place just before his arrest and death". (p81)

It is ironic and sad that this Common Table has become a point of dissension amongst Christians today when it was clearly meant to be otherwise.

So the meal was the centre-piece of the gathering, the sharing of food, one with another, crossing the boundaries of class and nationality." …to be a disciple meant knowing that meals were important in disciples' memory and that the last supper was but the high point in the memory of the meals of Jesus". (p82)

An understanding of these Early Churches and their patterns of understanding and practice would go a long way toward easing some of the stresses that we face in our Christian communities today.

This book has been a welcome challenge to read, respecting the perspective of the writer, and his depth of understanding of his subject.

Having read it once, it now requires a return in the hope of discovering further insights into the practice of the Early Churches.

• Chris McDonnell is a retired headteacher from England and a regular contributor to La Croix International.