The number of Maori identifying as having "no religion" in the census between 2006 and 2018 increased from 36.5% to 53.5%. Maori affiliation with Christianity has fallen from 46.2% to 29.9%.

Are Maori simply rejecting Christianity? Or are they rejecting all supernatural phenomena, including traditional Maori beliefs?

Our research examined the apparent rise of Maori atheism. We found the colonial history of religion was a driving force for Maori who identified as atheist or having no religion.

We also found Maori atheists said they experienced discrimination for their lack of religion, and their "Maoriness" was questioned within their community or work.

The "no religion" category in the census captures a range of worldviews, including people who say they are spiritual but not religious; agnostics - people who are uncertain about the existence of a higher power; and atheists - people who do not believe in the existence of god(s).

Multiple reasons for leaving religion

As part of our research, we spoke with 16 Maori aged 30 to 65 who did not believe in god(s). All but four were raised in religious households.

Some emphasised lingering intellectual doubts as the reason for rejecting religion. As one participant explained:

Others said they left for moral reasons.

These included a perceived hypocrisy among churchgoers, immorality of religious leaders, and the role of religion in spreading harmful views about women and LGBTQ people.

Most participants, however, framed their rejection of religion as an expression of resistance against the colonial systems of belief.

In fact, participants' ideas of "religion" were primarily shaped by their experience of various Christian denominations and their knowledge of the Christian missionary history in Aotearoa New Zealand.

Accordingly, most of the people we spoke with viewed religion as a colonial tool for the oppression of Maori people and culture. Another participant noted:

Others argued that the God of the Bible is not indigenous to Aotearoa, but rather a creation myth from the Middle East and therefore inherently irrelevant to Maori people.

Dissatisfaction entwined with colonial history

The interview responses show Maori rejection of Christianity seems to be largely aligned with anti-colonial movements, Maori protest movements, and the decolonial feminist movement.

For most participants, "atheism" equated to non-belief in the existence of God and the rejection of monotheistic traditions, specifically Christianity.

In other words, being a Maori atheist did not necessarily mean the rejection of all supernatural beliefs.

While some individuals were confident in their non-belief in all supernatural phenomena, others were either ambivalent towards certain wairua (spirit, soul) beliefs or emphasised the need to understand Maori beliefs as metaphors for a way to live.

What it means to be Maori is changing

The emergence of "non-religious" as a growing sector of the Maori community poses both challenges and opportunities to the ideas of what it is to be Maori and the development of New Zealand.

If we see ourselves progressing as a "bi-cultural" Treaty/Tiriti-enhanced nation, it stands to reason we need to be able to identify the two cultures clearly.

But there is the opportunity to develop more quickly without identity "membership" based on religious affiliation or non-affiliation.

Within the community, there is a spectrum of views about the significance of religious or spiritual beliefs to Maori identity.

On one end, there are those who ask whether it is even possible to be Maori if one is not "religious" or "spiritual" in some shape or form.

At the other, there are those who distinguish between culture and religion, and argue Maori development can be more easily enhanced if one is freed from the constraints of religious belief.

The former speaks to a "traditional" and conservative view of being Maori; the latter to notions of changes in cultures, the impact of the colonial experience, modernisation, and different ways of being Maori.

Our research highlights the diversity of non-religion among Maori, which is neither reflected in representations of Maori (for instance in education), nor considered in Maori-Crown relations.

While there is little difficulty in identifying the Crown in Treaty negotiations, the emerging "no religion" sector of the Maori community adds new layers of complexity to who the Treaty partner is. Importantly, is being spiritual or religious a prerequisite to being a Maori?

• Masoumeh Sara Rahmani Lecturer Study of Religion, Te Herenga Waka — Victoria University of Wellington
• Peter Adds Professor, Te Herenga Waka — Victoria University of Wellington.
• First published in The Conversation. Republished with permission.