An American priest, Franciscan Fr Jerry Zawada, has been removed from public ministry for concelebrating Mass with a woman priest in 2011.
The Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith ordered Fr Zawada, 76, to live a life of prayer and penance at a Franciscan Friary in Wisconsin.
Fr Zawada, a long time peace and human rights activist, said he would refuse to do penance for his personal convictions and those of others.